Cocaine
Cocaine is a powerful stimulant derived from the coca plant. It produces short-lived euphoria, increased energy, and alertness. Crack cocaine is the freebase form, smoked for a more intense but shorter high.
Quick Facts
What Is Cocaine?
Cocaine is a stimulant drug derived from the leaves of the South American coca plant. It is commonly found as a white powder (cocaine hydrochloride) that is snorted or dissolved and injected. Crack cocaine is a solid, crystallized form that is heated and smoked.
How Cocaine Affects the Brain
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, causing a massive buildup of these neurotransmitters. This produces the characteristic euphoric "high." The effect is intense but short-lived (15–30 minutes for snorted cocaine, 5–10 minutes for crack), driving repeated use.
Signs of Cocaine Use
- Dilated pupils and sensitivity to light
- Excessive energy, talkativeness, or agitation
- Decreased appetite and weight loss
- Frequent nosebleeds or runny nose
- White powder residue on surfaces or belongings
- Paranoia or erratic behavior after use
Cocaine Withdrawal
Unlike opioid or alcohol withdrawal, cocaine withdrawal is primarily psychological rather than physical. It features a severe "crash" followed by extended cravings.
Treatment
There are currently no FDA-approved medications specifically for cocaine addiction. Treatment relies on behavioral therapies, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy and contingency management, combined with residential or intensive outpatient programs.
Withdrawal Timeline
Onset
Hours after last use (crash)
Peak Symptoms
3–7 days
Duration
1–3 weeks (intense cravings may persist months)
Overdose Warning Signs
If you suspect an overdose, call 911 immediately.
Approximately 1.4 million people aged 12+ had cocaine use disorder in 2022. Cocaine-involved overdose deaths have risen significantly due to co-use with fentanyl.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is cocaine physically addictive?
Cocaine produces strong psychological dependence rather than the physical dependence seen with opioids or alcohol. However, the intense cravings and compulsive use patterns make it extremely difficult to quit. The brain's reward circuitry becomes significantly altered with chronic cocaine use.
What makes crack cocaine different from powder cocaine?
Crack is the freebase solid form of cocaine that is smoked, producing a faster, more intense, but shorter-lasting high compared to snorting powder cocaine. The rapid onset makes crack particularly addictive. Both forms carry serious health risks.